Canine Gut Health: Protecting a Dog’s Microbiome
Gut health is essential for a dog’s well-being. For optimal functioning, the gut depends on its microbiome, a collection of microorganisms throughout the digestive tract that modulate inflammation; assist with digestion and nutrient absorption; protect against harmful bacteria; and influence mood, behavior and stress responses.
Immune Health and Inflammation
A 2018 report published in Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice outlines our current understanding of how the gut microbiome in dogs and cats is closely intertwined with their immune system. A protective mucous layer separates gut microbes from the intestinal lining, acting as a barrier to prevent harmful bacteria from interacting with intestinal cells.
Specialized dendritic cells extend out of the mucous layer to monitor microbial activity, differentiating between helpful and harmful bacteria. Two types of white blood cells control the proliferation of detrimental bacteria and prevent infections: B cells, which produce antibodies that bind to pathogens and neutralize them; and macrophages that surround and kill offenders and remove the dead cells.
The gut microbiome also manages inflammation—ramping it up to fight infections or keeping it at bay at other times. Factors like a poor diet, antibiotics and stress can disrupt the balance of beneficial and harmful bacteria, potentially exacerbating inflammation or creating other gut health issues.
Dietary Recommendations
“Many processed dog foods contain fillers and artificial ingredients that harm dog gut health over time,” says holistic pet health coach Denise Bozenski. “Artificial preservatives, colors and flavors disrupt the gut microbiome. Common ingredients like corn, wheat, soy and byproducts can cause inflammation and contribute to digestive issues.”
She recommends choosing high-quality foods made with whole, fresh ingredients, while avoiding heavily processed options packed with fillers. A homemade dog diet can be an excellent choice to promote gut health if it is balanced and made with naturally fresh ingredients. Variety is key for a healthy gut microbiome. A diet with diverse whole foods supports a pet’s digestive system.
“A healthy gut needs a balance of fiber, protein, healthy fats, and essential vitamins and minerals. Omega-3 fatty acids from sources like fish or flaxseed oil also play a critical role in reducing inflammation,” explains Bozenski. She recommends a gut-friendly homemade meal plan that includes fiber-rich vegetables such as sweet potatoes, pumpkin, carrots and zucchini; easily digestible proteins, including fish, poultry and turkey; prebiotics like flaxseeds and chicory root; healthy fats such as coconut or flaxseed oil; and fermented foods like kefir or plain yogurt that provide beneficial probiotics.
Transitioning to Fresh Food
Switching a dog’s diet from processed to fresh food requires a progressive approach to avoid digestive upset. “Start by mixing a small amount of naturally fresh dog food with their current processed food, gradually increasing the fresh food portion over seven to 10 days. This gradual shift allows the dog’s digestive system to adjust,” recommends Bozenski.
She also warns against common mistakes such as failing to balance the diet properly and relying too much on a single ingredient. “Dogs need a variety of nutrients. Without the right proportions of protein, fats and carbohydrates, their gut health could suffer. Additionally, feeding too much of one ingredient can lead to an imbalance in the gut microbiome,” she explains, adding that it is best to consult with a holistic pet health coach or canine nutritionist to ensure the diet is balanced and supports gut health.
“It’s important to avoid feeding dogs toxic foods like onions, chocolate and certain spices,” stresses Bozenski. “Many dogs are also sensitive to specific ingredients, which can cause issues like itchiness or yeast overgrowth.” To identify problematic ingredients, owners can conduct a sensitivity test followed by an elimination diet, which removes certain foods one at a time to find the offenders.
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